Gut micro-organisms associated with health, nutrition and dietary intervention

Summary

ZOE PREDICT cohorts definitionThe ZOE PREDICT programme comprises several distinct studies that together constitute one of the largest multi-omic health initiatives, linking diet, person-specific metabolic responses to foods, and the gut microbiome. In this work, we considered and harmonized five ZOE PREDICT cohorts: PREDICT 1, PREDICT 2, PREDICT 3 US21, PREDICT 3 US22A, and PREDICT 3 UK22A. The PREDICT 1 cohort (NCT03479866) was described previously9,51. In brief, PREDICT 1 enrolled 1,098 participants (n = 1,001 from the UK and n = 97 from the USA) who underwent a clinical visit to collect anthropometric information and blood samples, followed by an at-home phase during which postprandial responses to both standardized tests and ad libitum meals were recorded. Stool samples were collected at home before the in-person clinical visit. The PREDICT 2 study (NCT03983733) had a similar collection protocol to PREDICT 1 but was conducted entirely remotely and included data from 975 people from 48 US states (including the federal District of Columbia and without participants from North Dakota and Hawaii). The PREDICT 3 cohorts (US21, US22A and UK22A) are research cohorts (NCT04735835) embedded within the ZOE commercial product. Participants provide informed written consent for their data to be used for scientific research purposes. In total, 32,621 samples (n = 11,798 for US21, n = 8,470 for US22A and n = 12,353 UK22A) were collected and retrieved. The studies were fully remote, participants completed health and food questionnaires at baseline, and self-collected and shipped stool samples. Cardiometabolic markers were collected as described below. Furthermore, we considered and analysed two registered clinical nutritional intervention studies, namely METHOD36 (NCT05273268) and BIOME37 (NCT06231706), focusing on the microbiome changes and their links with the two derived SGB-level rankings (ZOE MB health-ranks and diet-ranks). All study protocols are registered and available...